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Chapter 8. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel | FreeBSD Documentation Portal.Documentation
QEMU is a free and open-source emulator. It emulates the machine's processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware and device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems.
QEMU can also do emulation for user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one architecture to run on another. QEMU has multiple operating modes: [6]. QEMU can save and restore the state of the virtual machine with all programs running. Guest operating systems do not need patching in order to run inside QEMU. The virtual machine can interface with many types of physical host hardware, including parallels desktop 5 serial free user's hard disks, CD-ROM drives, network cards, audio interfaces, and USB devices.
USB devices can be completely emulated, or the host's USB devices can be used, although this requires administrator privileges and does not work with some devices. Virtual disk images can be stored in a parallels desktop 5 serial free format qcow or qcow2 that only takes up as much disk space as the guest OS actually uses. This way, an emulated GB disk may occupy only a few hundred megabytes приведу ссылку the host. The QCOW2 format also allows the creation of overlay images that record the difference from another unmodified base image file.
This provides the possibility for reverting the parallels desktop 5 serial free disk's contents to an earlier state. For example, a base image could hold a fresh install of an operating system that is known to work, and the overlay images are used. Should the guest system become unusable through virus attack, accidental system destruction, etc.
QEMU parallels desktop 5 serial free emulate network cards of different models which share the host system's connectivity by doing network address translation, effectively allowing the guest to use the same network as the host. QEMU integrates several services to allow the host and guest systems to communicate; for example, an integrated SMB server and network-port redirection to allow incoming connections to the virtual machine. It can also boot Linux kernels without a bootloader.
QEMU does parallels desktop 5 serial free depend on the presence of graphical output methods on the host system. It can also use an emulated serial line, without any screen, with applicable operating systems.
QEMU does not require administrative rights to run unless additional kernel modules for improving speed like KQEMU are used or certain modes of its network connectivity model are utilized. The whole translation task thus consists of two parts: basic blocks of target code TBs being rewritten in TCG ops - a kind of machine-independent intermediate notation, and subsequently this notation being compiled for the host's architecture by TCG. Optional optimisation passes are performed between them, for a just-in-time compiler JIT mode.
It also requires updating the target code to use TCG ops instead of the old dyngen ops. It replaces the dyngenwhich relied on GCC 3. This worked by running user mode code and optionally some kernel code directly on the host computer's CPU, and by using processor and peripheral emulation only for kernel-mode and real-mode code. KQEMU was initially a closed-source product available free of charge, but starting from version 1.
QEMU versions starting with 0. The developers of QVM86 ceased development in January, QEMU also supports the following accelerators: [16]. QEMU supports the following disk image formats: [17]. For user-mode emulation QEMU maps emulated threads to host threads. VirtualBox is free and open-source available under GPLexcept for certain features. QEMU includes several components: CPU emulators, emulated devices, generic devices, machine descriptions, user interface, and a debugger.
Hardware is emulated via a QEMU "device model" daemon running as a backend in dom0. This can be used as a cheap replacement for hardware in-circuit emulators ICE. Unlike QEMU, Unicorn focuses on the CPU only : no emulation of жмите сюда peripherals is provided and raw binary code outside of the context of an executable file or a system image can be run directly. Unicorn is thread-safe and has multiple bindings and instrumentation interfaces. Starting from version 2.
When the firmware in the JavaStation sun4m-Architecture became version 0. Supported peripherals: From the Milkymist SoC. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Free virtualization and emulation software. This article is about the virtual machine monitor. Free and open-source software portal. Retrieved 20 April The Register. Archived from parallels desktop 5 serial free original on audirvana direct mode el capitan free download действительно Retrieved February 6, QEMU 5. QEMU developers. Linux Tips. IEEE Micro. S2CID English Amiga Board. Unicorn Engine. Wikibooks has more on the topic of: QEMU.
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Any text after a is considered a comment and ignored. To remove kernel support for a device or subsystem, put a at the beginning of the line representing that device or subsystem. Do not add or remove a for any line that you do not understand. It is easy to remove support for a device or option and end up with a broken kernel.
For example, if the ata 4 driver is removed from the kernel configuration file, a system using ATA disk drivers may not boot. When in doubt, just leave support in the kernel. Alternately, keep the kernel configuration file elsewhere and create a symbolic link to the file:.
An include directive is available for use in configuration files. This allows another configuration file to be included in the current one, making it easy to maintain small changes relative to an existing file. If only a small number of additional options or drivers are required, this allows a delta to be maintained with respect to GENERIC , as seen in this example:.
As upgrades are performed, new features added to GENERIC will also be added to the local kernel unless they are specifically prevented using nooptions or nodevice.
A comprehensive list of configuration directives and their descriptions may be found in config 5. To build a file which contains all available options, run the following command as root :. Once the edits to the custom configuration file have been saved, the source code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:.
Install the new kernel associated with the specified kernel configuration file. Shutdown the system and reboot into the new kernel. If something goes wrong, refer to The kernel does not boot. By default, when a custom kernel is compiled, all kernel modules are rebuilt. For example, this variable specifies the list of modules to build instead of using the default of building all modules:.
Additional variables are available. Refer to make. If config fails, it will print the line number that is incorrect. If make fails, it is usually due to an error in the kernel configuration file which is not severe enough for config to catch. Review the configuration, and if the problem is not apparent, send an email to the FreeBSD general questions mailing list which contains the kernel configuration file. If the new kernel does not boot or fails to recognize devices, do not panic!
Automatically, by using the Cloud Profile Manager. The Cloud Profile Manager is a component of Oracle VM VirtualBox that enables you to create, edit, and manage cloud profiles for your cloud service accounts. Automatically, by using the VBoxManage cloudprofile command. Manually, by creating a config file in your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure configuration directory. This is the same file that is used by the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure command line interface.
Oracle VM VirtualBox automatically uses the config file if no cloud profile file is present in your global configuration directory. Alternatively, you can import this file manually into the Cloud Profile Manager. This section describes how to use the Cloud Profile Manager to create a cloud profile.
To create a cloud profile by importing settings from your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure configuration file. Perform the following steps to create a new cloud profile automatically, using the Cloud Profile Manager:. Click the Add icon and specify a Name for the profile. Click Properties and specify the following property values for the profile:.
Some of these are settings for your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure account, which you can view from the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console. Click Apply to save your changes. Perform the following steps to import an existing Oracle Cloud Infrastructure configuration file into the Cloud Profile Manager:. Ensure that a config file is present in your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure configuration directory.
Click the Import icon to open a dialog that prompts you to import cloud profiles from external files. This action overwrites any cloud profiles that are in your Oracle VM VirtualBox global settings directory. Click Properties to show the cloud profile settings. Create a new cloud instance from a custom image stored on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. You can configure whether a cloud instance is created and started after the export process has completed. From the Format drop-down list, select Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
In the Account drop-down list, select the cloud profile for your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure account. The list after the Account field shows the profile settings for your cloud account.
In the Machine Creation field, select an option to configure settings for a cloud instance created when you export to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. The options enable you to do one of the following:. Configure settings for the cloud instance after you have finished exporting the VM. Configure settings for the cloud instance before you start to export the VM. Optional Edit storage settings used for the exported virtual machine in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
You can change the following settings:. Emulated mode is suitable for legacy OS images. Depending on the selection in the Machine Creation field, the Cloud Virtual Machine Settings screen may be displayed before or after export. This screen enables you to configure settings for the cloud instance, such as Shape and Disk Size.
Click Create. Depending on the Machine Creation setting, a cloud instance may be started after upload to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure is completed. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure provides the option to import a custom Linux image. Before an Oracle VM VirtualBox image can be exported to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, the custom image needs to be prepared to ensure that instances launched from the custom image can boot correctly and that network connections will work.
The following list shows some tasks to consider when preparing an Oracle Linux VM for export:. Use DHCP for network addresses. Do not specify a MAC address. Disable persistent network device naming rules. This means that the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure instance will use the same network device names as the VM.
Add net. Disable any udev rules for network device naming. For example, if an automated udev rule exists for net-persistence :. Enable the serial console. This enables you to troubleshoot the instance when it is running on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
Remove the resume setting from the kernel parameters. This setting slows down boot time significantly. This configures use of the serial console instead of a graphical terminal. This configures the serial connection. This adds the serial console to the Linux kernel boot parameters. To verify the changes, reboot the machine and run the dmesg command to look for the updated kernel parameters.
Enable paravirtualized device support. You do this by adding the virtio drivers to the initrd for the VM. This procedure works only on machines with a Linux kernel of version 3. Check that the VM is running a supported kernel:. Use the dracut tool to rebuild initrd. Add the qemu module, as follows:. Verify that the virtio drivers are now present in initrd. For more information about importing a custom Linux image into Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, see also:. In the Source drop-down list, select Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
Choose the required cloud instance from the list in the Machines field. Click Import to import the instance from Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. The following describes the sequence of events when you import an instance from Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
The custom image is exported to an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure object and is stored using Object Storage in the bucket specified by the user. The Oracle Cloud Infrastructure object is downloaded to the local host. Using a custom image means that you can quickly create cloud instances without having to upload your image to the cloud service every time. Perform the following steps to create a new cloud instance on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure:. From the Destination drop-down list, select Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
In the Images list, select from the custom images available on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. For example, you can edit the Disk Size and Shape used for the VM instance and the networking configuration. Click Create to create the new cloud instance.
Monitor the instance creation process by using the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console. You can also use the VBoxManage cloud instance command to create and manage instances on a cloud service. This section includes some examples of how VBoxManage commands can be used to integrate with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and perform common cloud operations.
For more details about the available commands for cloud operations, see Section 8. The Global Settings dialog can be displayed using the File menu, by clicking the Preferences item. This dialog offers a selection of settings, most of which apply to all virtual machines of the current user.
The Extensions option applies to the entire system. Enables the user to specify the Host key. The Host key is also used to trigger certain VM actions, see Section 1. Enables the user to specify various settings for Automatic Updates. Enables the user to specify the GUI language. Enables the user to specify the screen resolution, and its width and height. A default scale factor can be specified for all guest screens. Enables the user to configure the details of NAT networks. See Section 6.
Enables the user to list and manage the installed extension packages. As briefly mentioned in Section 1. For example, you can start a virtual machine with the VirtualBox Manager window and then stop it from the command line. This is the VirtualBox Manager, a graphical user interface that uses the Qt toolkit. This interface is described throughout this manual.
While this is the simplest and easiest front-end to use, some of the more advanced Oracle VM VirtualBox features are not included. As opposed to the other graphical interfaces, the headless front-end requires no graphics support. This is useful, for example, if you want to host your virtual machines on a headless Linux server that has no X Window system installed.
If the above front-ends still do not satisfy your particular needs, it is possible to create yet another front-end to the complex virtualization engine that is the core of Oracle VM VirtualBox, as the Oracle VM VirtualBox core neatly exposes all of its features in a clean API. Oracle VM VirtualBox provides a soft keyboard that enables you to input keyboard characters on the guest. A soft keyboard is an on-screen keyboard that can be used as an alternative to a physical keyboard.
For best results, ensure that the keyboard layout configured on the guest OS matches the keyboard layout used by the soft keyboard. Oracle VM VirtualBox does not do this automatically. When the physical keyboard on the host is not the same as the keyboard layout configured on the guest. For example, if the guest is configured to use an international keyboard, but the host keyboard is US English.
To send special key combinations to the guest. Note that some common key combinations are also available in the Input , Keyboard menu of the guest VM window.
When using nested virtualization, the soft keyboard provides a method of sending key presses to a guest. By default, the soft keyboard includes some common international keyboard layouts. You can copy and modify these to meet your own requirements.
The name of the current keyboard layout is displayed in the task bar of the soft keyboard window. This is the previous keyboard layout that was used. Click the Layout List icon in the task bar of the soft keyboard window. The Layout List window is displayed. Select the required keyboard layout from the entries in the Layout List window.
The keyboard display graphic is updated to show the available input keys. Modifier keys such as Shift, Ctrl, and Alt are available on the soft keyboard. Click once to select the modifier key, click twice to lock the modifier key. The Reset the Keyboard and Release All Keys icon can be used to release all pressed modifier keys, both on the host and the guest.
To change the look of the soft keyboard, click the Settings icon in the task bar. You can change colors used in the keyboard graphic, and can hide or show sections of the keyboard, such as the NumPad or multimedia keys. You can use one of the supplied default keyboard layouts as the starting point to create a custom keyboard layout.
To permananently save a custom keyboard layout, you must save it to file. Otherwise, any changes you make are discarded when you close down the Soft Keyboard window. Custom keyboard layouts that you save are stored as an XML file on the host, in the keyboardLayouts folder in the global configuration data directory. Highlight the required layout and click the Copy the Selected Layout icon. A new layout entry with a name suffix of -Copy is created. Edit keys in the new layout.
Click on the key that you want to edit and enter new key captions in the Captions fields. Optional Save the layout to file. This means that your custom keyboard layout will be available for future use. Any custom layouts that you create can later be removed from the Layout List, by highlighting and clicking the Delete the Selected Layout icon.
For the various versions of Windows that are supported as host operating systems, please refer to Section 1.
In addition, Windows Installer must be present on your system. This should be the case for all supported Windows platforms. This will extract the installer into a temporary directory, along with the.
MSI file. Run the following command to perform the installation:. Using either way displays the installation Welcome dialog and enables you to choose where to install Oracle VM VirtualBox, and which components to install.
USB support. This enables your VM's virtual network cards to be accessed from other machines on your physical network. Python support. For this to work, an already working Windows Python installation on the system is required. Python version at least 2. Python 3 is also supported.
Depending on your Windows configuration, you may see warnings about unsigned drivers, or similar. The installer will create an Oracle VM VirtualBox group in the Windows Start menu, which enables you to launch the application and access its documentation.
If this is not wanted, you must invoke the installer by first extracting as follows:. Then, run either of the following commands on the extracted. The following features are available:. This feature must not be absent, since it contains the minimum set of files to have working Oracle VM VirtualBox installation.
All networking support. For example, to only install USB support along with the main binaries, run either of the following commands:. For some legacy Windows versions, the installer will automatically select the NDIS5 driver and this cannot be changed. Use either of the following commands:.
Set to 1 to enable, 0 to disable. Default is 1. Specifies whether or not the file extensions. Perform the following steps to install on a Mac OS X host:. Double-click on the dmg file, to mount the contents. A window opens, prompting you to double-click on the VirtualBox. To uninstall Oracle VM VirtualBox, open the disk image dmg file and double-click on the uninstall icon shown.
To perform a non-interactive installation of Oracle VM VirtualBox you can use the command line version of the installer application.
Mount the dmg disk image file, as described in the installation procedure, or use the following command line:. For the various versions of Linux that are supported as host operating systems, see Section 1.
You may need to install the following packages on your Linux system before starting the installation. SDL 1. This graphics library is typically called libsdl or similar. These packages are only required if you want to run the Oracle VM VirtualBox graphical user interfaces.
In order to run other operating systems in virtual machines alongside your main operating system, Oracle VM VirtualBox needs to integrate very tightly with your system. To do this it installs a driver module called vboxdrv into the system kernel.
The kernel is the part of the operating system which controls your processor and physical hardware. Without this kernel module, you can still use the VirtualBox Manager to configure virtual machines, but they will not start. Network drivers called vboxnetflt and vboxnetadp are also installed.
They enable virtual machines to make more use of your computer's network capabilities and are needed for any virtual machine networking beyond the basic NAT mode. Since distributing driver modules separately from the kernel is not something which Linux supports well, the Oracle VM VirtualBox install process creates the modules on the system where they will be used.
This means that you may need to install some software packages from the distribution which are needed for the build process. Required packages may include the following:. Also ensure that all system updates have been installed and that your system is running the most up-to-date kernel for the distribution. The running kernel and the kernel header files must be updated to matching versions. The following list includes some details of the required files for some common distributions.
Start by finding the version name of your kernel, using the command uname -r in a terminal. The list assumes that you have not changed too much from the original installation, in particular that you have not installed a different kernel type.
With Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions, you must install the correct version of the linux-headers , usually whichever of linux-headers-generic , linux-headers-amd64 , linux-headers-i or linux-headers-ipae best matches the kernel version name. Also, the linux-kbuild package if it exists. Basic Ubuntu releases should have the correct packages installed by default. On Fedora, Red Hat, Oracle Linux and many other RPM-based systems, the kernel version sometimes has a code of letters or a word close to the end of the version name.
For example "uek" for the Oracle Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel or "default" or "desktop" for the standard kernels. In this case, the package name is kernel-uek-devel or equivalent. If there is no such code, it is usually kernel-devel. If you suspect that something has gone wrong with module installation, check that your system is set up as described above and try running the following command, as root:.
See your system documentation for details of the kernel module signing process. Oracle VM VirtualBox is available in a number of package formats native to various common Linux distributions. In addition, there is an alternative generic installer. Download the appropriate package for your distribution.
The following example assumes that you are installing to a bit Ubuntu Xenial system. Use dpkg to install the Debian package,as follows:.
The installer will also try to build kernel modules suitable for the current running kernel. If the build process is not successful you will be shown a warning and the package will be left unconfigured. You may have to install the appropriate Linux kernel headers, see Section 2. After correcting any problems, run the following command:. If a suitable kernel module was found in the package or the module was successfully built, the installation script will attempt to load that module.
If this fails, please see Section Once Oracle VM VirtualBox has been successfully installed and configured, you can start it by clicking VirtualBox in your Start menu or from the command line. Creates a new system group called vboxusers. The installer must be executed as root with either install or uninstall as the first parameter. Or if you do not have the sudo command available, run the following as root instead:.
Either use the OS user management tools or run the following command as root:. The usermod command of some older Linux distributions does not support the -a option, which adds the user to the given group without affecting membership of other groups. In this case, find out the current group memberships with the groups command and add all these groups in a comma-separated list to the command line after the -G option.
For example: usermod -G group1 , group2 ,vboxusers username. If you cannot use the shell script installer described in Section 2. Run the installer as follows:. This will unpack all the files needed for installation in the directory install under the current directory. To build the module, change to the directory and use the following command:. If everything builds correctly, run the following command to install the module to the appropriate module directory:. In case you do not have sudo, switch the user account to root and run the following command:.
The above make command will tell you how to create the device node, depending on your Linux system. On certain Linux distributions, you might experience difficulties building the module. You will have to analyze the error messages from the build system to diagnose the cause of the problems.
In general, make sure that the correct Linux kernel sources are used for the build process. Next, you install the system initialization script for the kernel module and activate the initialization script using the right method for your distribution, as follows:. The Debian packages will request some user feedback when installed for the first time. The debconf system is used to perform this task. To prevent any user interaction during installation, default values can be defined.
A file vboxconf can contain the following debconf settings:. The first line enables compilation of the vboxdrv kernel module if no module was found for the current kernel. The second line enables the package to delete any old vboxdrv kernel modules compiled by previous installations. These default settings can be applied prior to the installation of the Oracle VM VirtualBox Debian package, as follows:. In addition there are some common configuration options that can be set prior to the installation.
The RPM format does not provide a configuration system comparable to the debconf system. To configure the installation process for. The automatic generation of the udev rule can be prevented with the following setting:. If the following line is specified, the package installer will not try to build the vboxdrv kernel module if no module fitting the current kernel was found.
The Linux installers create the system user group vboxusers during installation. A user can be made a member of the group vboxusers either by using the desktop user and group tools, or with the following command:. These are symbolic links to VBox. The following detailed instructions should only be of interest if you wish to execute Oracle VM VirtualBox without installing it first.
You should start by compiling the vboxdrv kernel module and inserting it into the Linux kernel. The daemon is automatically started if necessary. There can be multiple daemon instances under different user accounts and applications can only communicate with the daemon running under the user account as the application.
The local domain socket resides in a subdirectory of your system's directory for temporary files called. In case of communication problems or server startup problems, you may try to remove this directory. For the specific versions of Oracle Solaris that are supported as host operating systems, see Section 1. If you have a previously installed instance of Oracle VM VirtualBox on your Oracle Solaris host, please uninstall it first before installing a new instance.
The installation must be performed as root and from the global zone. This is because the Oracle VM VirtualBox installer loads kernel drivers, which cannot be done from non-global zones. To verify which zone you are currently in, execute the zonename command.
The installer will then prompt you to enter the package you wish to install. Choose 1 or all and proceed. Next the installer will ask you if you want to allow the postinstall script to be executed. Choose y and proceed, as it is essential to execute this script which installs the Oracle VM VirtualBox kernel module. Optional optimisation passes are performed between them, for a just-in-time compiler JIT mode.
It also requires updating the target code to use TCG ops instead of the old dyngen ops. It replaces the dyngen , which relied on GCC 3. This worked by running user mode code and optionally some kernel code directly on the host computer's CPU, and by using processor and peripheral emulation only for kernel-mode and real-mode code. KQEMU was initially a closed-source product available free of charge, but starting from version 1.
QEMU versions starting with 0. The developers of QVM86 ceased development in January, QEMU also supports the following accelerators: [16]. QEMU supports the following disk image formats: [17]. For user-mode emulation QEMU maps emulated threads to host threads. VirtualBox is free and open-source available under GPL , except for certain features.
QEMU includes several components: CPU emulators, emulated devices, generic devices, machine descriptions, user interface, and a debugger. Hardware is emulated via a QEMU "device model" daemon running as a backend in dom0. This can be used as a cheap replacement for hardware in-circuit emulators ICE. Unlike QEMU, Unicorn focuses on the CPU only : no emulation of any peripherals is provided and raw binary code outside of the context of an executable file or a system image can be run directly.
Unicorn is thread-safe and has multiple bindings and instrumentation interfaces. Starting from version 2. The website currently offers a full price upgrade to Version 13 as a correction, effectively making this version obsolete with the macOS upgrades.
Released August 18, It is also the first solution to bring the upcoming Windows 10 People Bar feature to the Mac, including integration with the Mac Dock and Spotlight. The new version also features up to percent performance improvements for completing certain tasks. The update also brings in a slightly refreshed UI to better match macOS and visual improvements for Windows users on Retina displays.
Released August 11, On April 14, , Parallels updated the software to version OS X Therefore, a High Sierra guest machine must be installed 'manually' by passing the "--converttoapfs NO" command line switch, and cannot use the automated Parallels virtual machine creation process. C Versions are partially compatible with the corresponding macOS versions and may not work correctly. Parallels Desktop 16 for Mac includes support for a variety of different guest operating systems: [47].
In Parallels Desktop 10 for Mac, support for guest operating systems includes a variety of bit and bit x86 operating systems, including: [46]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Virtual machine. Apple—Intel architecture Apple M1. This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
November Retrieved The Official Parallels Virtualization Blog. Archived from the original on Archived from the original PDF on Parallels Web. Virtual Strategy.
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